PHP MySQL 预处理语句
预处理语句对于防止 MySQL 注入是非常有用的。
预处理语句及绑定参数
预处理语句用于执行多个相同的 SQL 语句，并且执行效率更高。
预处理语句的工作原理如下：
预处理：创建 SQL 语句模板并发送到数据库。预留的值使用参数 "?" 标记 。例如：
INSERT INTO MyGuests (firstname, lastname, email) VALUES(?, ?, ?)
数据库解析，编译，对SQL语句模板执行查询优化，并存储结果不输出。
执行：最后，将应用绑定的值传递给参数（"?" 标记），数据库执行语句。应用可以多次执行语句，如果参数的值不一样。
相比于直接执行SQL语句，预处理语句有两个主要优点：
预处理语句大大减少了分析时间，只做了一次查询（虽然语句多次执行）。
绑定参数减少了服务器带宽，你只需要发送查询的参数，而不是整个语句。
预处理语句针对SQL注入是非常有用的，因为参数值发送后使用不同的协议，保证了数据的合法性。
MySQLi 预处理语句
以下实例在 MySQLi 中使用了预处理语句，并绑定了相应的参数:
实例 (MySQLi 使用预处理语句)
<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";
$dbname = "myDB";
// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);
// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
// prepare and bind
$stmt = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO MyGuests (firstname, lastname, email) VALUES (?, ?, ?)");
$stmt->bind_param("sss", $firstname, $lastname, $email);
// set parameters and execute
$firstname = "John";
$lastname = "Doe";
$email = "john@example.com";
$stmt->execute();
$firstname = "Mary";
$lastname = "Moe";
$email = "mary@example.com";
$stmt->execute();
$firstname = "Julie";
$lastname = "Dooley";
$email = "julie@example.com";
$stmt->execute();
echo "New records created successfully";
$stmt->close();
$conn->close();
?>
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";
$dbname = "myDB";
// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);
// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
// prepare and bind
$stmt = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO MyGuests (firstname, lastname, email) VALUES (?, ?, ?)");
$stmt->bind_param("sss", $firstname, $lastname, $email);
// set parameters and execute
$firstname = "John";
$lastname = "Doe";
$email = "john@example.com";
$stmt->execute();
$firstname = "Mary";
$lastname = "Moe";
$email = "mary@example.com";
$stmt->execute();
$firstname = "Julie";
$lastname = "Dooley";
$email = "julie@example.com";
$stmt->execute();
echo "New records created successfully";
$stmt->close();
$conn->close();
?>
解析实例的每行代码:
"INSERT INTO MyGuests (firstname, lastname, email) VALUES (?, ?, ?)"
在 SQL 语句中，我们使用了问号 (?)，在此我们可以将问号替换为整型，字符串，双精度浮点型和布尔值。
接下来，让我们来看下 bind_param() 函数：
$stmt->bind_param("sss", $firstname, $lastname, $email);
该函数绑定了 SQL 的参数，且告诉数据库参数的值。 "sss" 参数列处理其余参数的数据类型。s 字符告诉数据库该参数为字符串。
参数有以下四种类型:
- i - integer（整型）
- d - double（双精度浮点型）
- s - string（字符串）
- b - BLOB（binary large object:二进制大对象）
每个参数都需要指定类型。
通过告诉数据库参数的数据类型，可以降低 SQL 注入的风险。
注释: 如果你想插入其他数据（用户输入），对数据的验证是非常重要的。
PDO 中的预处理语句
以下实例我们在 PDO 中使用了预处理语句并绑定参数:
实例 (PDO 使用预处理语句)
<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";
$dbname = "myDBPDO";
try {
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$servername;dbname=$dbname", $username, $password);
// set the PDO error mode to exception
$conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
// prepare sql and bind parameters
$stmt = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO MyGuests (firstname, lastname, email)
VALUES (:firstname, :lastname, :email)");
$stmt->bindParam(':firstname', $firstname);
$stmt->bindParam(':lastname', $lastname);
$stmt->bindParam(':email', $email);
// insert a row
$firstname = "John";
$lastname = "Doe";
$email = "john@example.com";
$stmt->execute();
// insert another row
$firstname = "Mary";
$lastname = "Moe";
$email = "mary@example.com";
$stmt->execute();
// insert another row
$firstname = "Julie";
$lastname = "Dooley";
$email = "julie@example.com";
$stmt->execute();
echo "New records created successfully";
} catch(PDOException $e) {
echo "Error: " . $e->getMessage();
}
$conn = null;
?>
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "username";
$password = "password";
$dbname = "myDBPDO";
try {
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$servername;dbname=$dbname", $username, $password);
// set the PDO error mode to exception
$conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
// prepare sql and bind parameters
$stmt = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO MyGuests (firstname, lastname, email)
VALUES (:firstname, :lastname, :email)");
$stmt->bindParam(':firstname', $firstname);
$stmt->bindParam(':lastname', $lastname);
$stmt->bindParam(':email', $email);
// insert a row
$firstname = "John";
$lastname = "Doe";
$email = "john@example.com";
$stmt->execute();
// insert another row
$firstname = "Mary";
$lastname = "Moe";
$email = "mary@example.com";
$stmt->execute();
// insert another row
$firstname = "Julie";
$lastname = "Dooley";
$email = "julie@example.com";
$stmt->execute();
echo "New records created successfully";
} catch(PDOException $e) {
echo "Error: " . $e->getMessage();
}
$conn = null;
?>
